So I promised I’d explain the reason why the government’s current “solutions” for the household debt in Iceland are useless.
A regular reader to this site, Vilhjalm A. has pointed out the unique situation home-owners in Iceland are facing because of the consumer price indexation attached to all mortgages in ISK:
An unnormal country
In normal countries there is an element of risk for both the borrower and lender. The lender can borrow at, for instance, 1% from a central bank and lend out at 4-5% to consumers — the lender makes a decent return of several %, but there is always a chance that inflation will go to above 5% and wipe out this profit. In the case of ARMs (adjustable rate mortgages tied to inflation) the lender is guaranteed a profit but a much smaller one (unless the lender defaults – always a possibility in most countries).
In Iceland the risk is entirely removed for the lender. The lender always collects his profit, and not just 1-2% (as in ARMs) but the full amount of 4-5%! Plus, since mortgages are non-recourse and there is no chance of real personal bankruptcy or bankruptcy court loan modifications (ie cramdowns), the lender in Iceland NEVER loses money (unless the borrower leaves Iceland forever or dies completely broke). This is obviously terribly unfair.
Furthermore, in normal countries this bargaining between lenders and borrowers over mortgage rates serves to keep inflation in check. If inflation goes to an unreasonable level (say 7%) the individual banks will collectively put pressure on the central bank to take steps that reduce inflation (such as cutting back the money supply). In Iceland there is no incentive for the individual banks or the central bank to reduce inflation, and so as we have seen, inflation continues out of control.
And what is worse, the “inflation” that is used to measure mortgages rates is measured by price inflation, not wage inflation.
The Icelandic system can only work in “boom times”, when there is price appreciation for houses and wage increases driven by economic growth and low unemployment. But now Iceland has housing-price depreciation (with a huge surplus of housing), stagnant wages, increasing unemployment, negative growth, and price inflation (due to the collapsed ISK) — a toxic stew for anyone who has a home mortgage.
The Icelandic government has various options to help its citizens: make all home loans recourse (the “give back the keys” solution), write-down mortgages to fair market value, implement a Zingales-type potential profit for debt swap, write-down eg 20% of mortgages or for those in financial trouble, change the bankruptcy laws to allow cramdowns or wipe out unpayable debt, eliminate indexing. At the very least the government should change price-indexation to wage-indexation. Instead, the government does nothing. All they offer is a delay in repayment, in the hope that a miracle will occur and the situation will improve in the future.
The current government was elected on a promise that they would erect a “fortress” around Icelandic households. They got the mandate they were seeking but what happened then is beyond belief. Minister of social affairs, Arni Pall Arnason announced a government solution so inept that it could only have come from the very same bankers who ran the Icelandic economy into the ground.
Permanent Poverty
Ingolfur Ingolfsson of spara.is has explained the solutions well and I’ll mix in his explanation from DV where the headline was “Permanent Poverty” with mine:
With the government’s plan you are actually borrowing back parts of the mortgage. You borrow the difference in monthly payments now compared with January 2008. All those whose mortgage is in ISK are automatically assumed to approve this solution. The monthly payments will be the same they were in January 2008, but the difference is stored in an account payable at the end of the mortgage’s expiration. Your mortgage is then extended to pay off the difference, but only for three years, at which time the financial institution “might” write off the rest. (A customer at Kaupthing who approved the solution noticed that when signing the papers for approval, nothing was said about that three year period. He demanded that it would be put in writing, which the bank did on his papers, but probably not on the papers of others who did not notice that the three year clause was missing). Those with foreign currency loans can also enter into this kind of an agreement.
During this time the consumer price indexed mortgages assume interests and inflation and the lifetime of the mortgage is extended. People are taking two kinds of risks. The first one is in the price indexation which is added to the capital because of inflation. The other is the risk connected to the development of the wage index and employment rate but the payments on the adjusted mortgages will be tied to the development of both of those. If for example the wages of large groups in society rise, then it will be reflected in everyone’s monthly payment which rises accordingly, even for those who didn’t get a pay rise.
The wage index has risen faster than the consumer price index in the last 20 years. From 1989 – 2009, wages have risen 255%, while the CPI has risen 197%. That is historical data though with vague indications for future developments. But if the forecasts of official institutions regarding developments in inflation, wages and employment will come true, then by 2013, the payments of the adjusted mortgages will become higher than they otherwise would.
The solution is therefore akin to the short term solution of peeing your pants to keep warm when lost in a blizzard on top of an Icelandic glacier.
If the wage index does not keep up with the consumer price index in the next thirty years, then people will pay less than otherwise. Wages have to rise slower than consumer prices and therefore this means permanent poverty for the mortgage holder. It will be more and more expensive to live because the wages do not keep up with prices. If this is what happens then something will be written off in the end, but if the wages do grow faster than consumer prices then one day you will end up paying as much as if you hadn’t accepted the solution. You also pay back what was supposed to be put off to the end.
In simple terms, the bank becomes a satisfied subscriber to any pay-rises you get in the future.
The Household Interest group has harshly criticized this action by the government. This means that Icelanders are being turned against each other. People who fight for higher wages will not receive support from their own community because if they are successful, everyone’s payments go up. This is likely to create tension in the society.
In fact, if unemployment goes down, then your payments go up, even if your individual situation does not change. A mind-boggling situation for any economy and society.
Inept bankers’ solution
So earlier I said that this plan could only have been developed by the same inept bankers who ran Iceland’s economy into the ground. Well, that is exactly what the government did. They formed a committee, whose most visible member has been Yngvi Orn Kristinsson, formerly a top manager at Landsbankinn. During an unpleasant meeting with Yngvi the other day, his explanations bore the air of someone who considered him having been negotiating with the financial institutions as someone in a weaker position. Funny for someone who made the most of his career at Landsbankinn to personally amass hundreds of millions and then have the gall to demand 230 million ISK from its solvency committee this week. After being part of the Landsbankinn management team which ran the Ponzi scheme called IceSave, Yngvi backtracked when his claims were made public into saying that he was making the claim so that the Dutch and British did not get a dime, beyond what they have already gotten. Then he said he would give the money to charities (ignoring the UK charities which are suffering because of his bank).
Yngvi and his committee came out with this inept solution after negotiating with his peers, then he drove off on his SUV. The Household Interest group was never called to the table as a party with interests. They only received an announcement of the plan after it had been decided.
Inept government
The previous government was inept, but this one is going the same way quite rapidly. The general feeling is that since the crash, the savings of those who own money were protected, while those who owe money were left to hang dry. Steingrimur J. Sigfusson, the finance minister thinks he should leave the banks alone to tend to their own affairs, after assuming a huge debt on their behalf. The result is a new banking system which is re-distributing the wealth, on the backs of the taxpayers, who are already paying through the teeth, through down-sizing, taxes, less purchasing power, unemployment, wage cuts and less service. The call for the end of price indexation has been landing on deaf ears.
From the US comes the Zingales Plan and Joseph Stiglitz has declared support for such an action. Instead of listening to world-renowned economists and try, the government prefers to listen to men like Yngvi Orn Kristinsson, whose position within Landsbankinn made him a main accomplice in an Enron scale bankruptcy. Icelandic households are truly expected to carry the whole burden of the economic collapse, most of them did not cause.
Related posts:

akj
2 years ago
Differential treatment of the Banks creditors? The Icelandic mortgage holders are captive and not going anywhere. The Old / new bank commercial creditors have assets and influence and so will retain those assets on good terms.
The new banks are deciding which companies will survive and who will own them, even though those banks are effectively owned by the state. The chance to influence is there.
Previous asset owners benefited from close relations with the old banks rather than through any any salient ability. They then overpaid for a number of assets and a life style which now has a bill attached to it.
Icesave was a case of a bank gaming the EEA system, creating risk for others whilst retaining the rewards. Question might be whether banks would have survived even if Lehmans had not happened. Glitnir was trimming back the Balance sheet, Kaupthing was scouring the world for cash sources and Exista / FL were corporate zombies. Landsbanki and the other banks were too interconnected with too few companies. One go down, all go down….as happened when Glitnir funding failed.
Harriet Simondo
2 years ago
If you really want to know how the blogging community can become the news rather than reporting on the Icelandic situation look at the Icelandic Weather Report by Alda S. She is so enamored by the attention she has been getting by writing this report, she has forgotten about how important it is to accept other explanations. She falls back on the assumption that any criticism she gets is because no one outside Iceland understands the language well enough to be able to interpret what is actually going on there. Her and her family are not suffering as she has said in her reports but she has no problem in asking for money on her website, throw a few shekels my way and I will give you more of the same! Bloggers who ask for money are the last folks you should trust with the absolute truth because is in their interest to make their report something sensational rather that that which is the fact. This creates a greater readership and more income. Mothers and fathers are going to the various charities in Iceland and picking up food packets and wearing apparel and we have this blogger who is traveling to Italy and elsewhere giving interviews to the various new organizations around the world and letting folks know how terrible the situation is! I look upon her as I look upon those who have screwed this country and picked it clean. She is what we call the cleanup crew. In some parts of the world they are referred to as opportunists but I am sure there is an Icelandic word which us mere mortals would fail to understand that would describe Ms. Sigmundsdóttir. Forget the pretty pictures Ms. S. just don´t try bullshitting us into believing that non-speakers of the language don´t have the full story about what has happened in Iceland!
Alexander E.
2 years ago
Harriet.
Do you know the person named Melvin? Or are you Melvin?
What the heck of off-topic you are posting?
Alexander E.
2 years ago
“The current government was elected on a promise that they would erect a “fortress” around Icelandic households.”
Well, they might be right..they might be very right.
Soon they will need really good fortress around their own households
And armored vehicles as well….
Harriet Simondo
2 years ago
Alexander you are correct, it is an off-topic post but I needed to find a nice place to put it and Daði’s blog seemed ideal at the time. I only defend Melvin because I think that he is closer to the truth than Ms. Alda S. I read most of the Icelandic bloggers and comment very little if ever but can’t stand to sit idly by when someone is criticized unfairly. Daði’s blog is closer to the truth than the others because he has worked in the financial sector and has an edge up on those purporting to know what is going on. Just out of curiosity, is it necessary to devote 2 paragraphs to each of those 3 words that Ms. S. brought up in order to extract their meaning?
Dadi
2 years ago
Hey guys…if you have any beef with Alda then please bring it up with her! I see that there has been a heated debate over there.
Alda’s doing her thing on her terms and if you guys want to argue about her then please do that to her face.
Boggi
2 years ago
Daði, it is not possible, if Harriet would like to post what he posted here it wouldn’t make it past moderation, and most likely this post wouldn’t make it either, and now she wrote a post very bitter and full of anger and herself(you can kind of spect that if you read her post in the “about me” section), some how complaining about a bloogger that critizized her in another blog, and practlicly complaining that nobady deffended her and since she was on it asked for more donations, for that reason she feels that what she does for love is not worthy of doing anymore, in other words playing the victim, when in fact if a blogger can not express his or her ideas off course they will try to do it some where else, and I mean if you are in the nature and hear water running, its because there most likely is a river near by. I have been hearing exactly the same complaint about Alda here and there, and its true I have been reading her blogg for some time and if you go against her opinion, she ridicules you for your writing or plainly atacks you and bannes you.
Bromley86
2 years ago
A total misrepresentation Boggi.
But if her site bothers you, don’t read it.
For the record, I’ve never been ridiculed there or had a post blocked. But then, I’ve never been a rude arsehole either. At least, not there
.
Boggi
2 years ago
Bromley86 Just an example: this is a trancript from her post “The long arm of censorship?”
alda 11.20.09 at 10:57 am
Joerg – I suspect there’s a very simple reason – they don’t understand Icelandic. Anyone who does not speak the language cannot understand the full extent of what goes on here.
Melvin Godfried 11.21.09 at 8:40 pm
If you truly believe that you need to know the Icelandic language to understand what is going on in Iceland then you really are wearing rose colored glasses. This is equivalent to saying that a non-Russian speaking person would not understand why anti-Putin reporters have been killed in Russia the last few years. Don´t assume that the rest of us are less erudite than yourself.
alda 11.22.09 at 2:53 pm
Melvin – um, OK. Then perhaps you could explain to the rest of the non-Icelandic readership the exact meaning of the words góðæri, útrásarvíkingur and kreppa?
Melvin Godfried 11.22.09 at 6:45 pm
As a matter of fact I can explain the meaning of these words:
góðæri= prosperity, boom, period of prosperity
útrásarvíkingur= expansion Vikings e.g. the bankers and others who were buying everything in sight
kreppa= crisis or crash
You don´t have to be a linguist to interpret the actual meaning of these words. I can now see Daði’s point regarding your inability to handle criticism.
By the way, please tell me what the Navajos were saying with these 3
words…..
Akehdiglini
Klizzie
Moasi
Gauti Sigurdsson 11.22.09 at 7:03 pm
Why are you picking on Melvin? All he basically said was that you don´t have to understand the language of a country to understand what is going on, how it happened and what the people are doing about it. Stop choosing words for him to interpret, that´s total bullshit and you know it.
alda 11.22.09 at 7:44 pm
Melvin – why should I not be permitted to answer when criticism is levied at me – especially in the manner yours is?
It’s interesting that everyone else seems to believe they can write what they want in these comments, but when I respond, it’s that I “can’t handle criticism”.
Actually, you need at least two paragraphs to explain each of those words. You can give an approximate meaning in English, but it does not capture the nuance. For example, “crisis” in Icelandic is neyðarástand and “crash” is hrun. There is no English word that captures the nuance of kreppa in Icelandic.
That is precisely my point. Unless you understand the nuance of the language or society, you cannot grasp the full meaning of what goes on there. You can get an approximate meaning, but not the meaning in full.
Gauti – I hope that answers your question.
Strangelly after something like this, these people stop posting, have they stop posting or their coments now are not allowed.I can show you similar examples from many more and posts and differnt people chek:”The Ants march on the Huffington Post”, “YT bids farewell to McDonald’s in The Guardian”, “Are the UK and Holland standing in the way of Iceland seeking its legal rights?”(this one in particular, she just lost it), “Welcome to a Machiavellian world, and many more.
Blubber
2 years ago
Re: Original post.
Thanks for the summary. Completely agree that the “solution” is useless. Yes, right now it will lower the bill, but as long as the index is still there, albeit in 20 yrs or so, the problem is in no way solved.
However, is it really likely that Icelandic wages will continue to rise at the same rate that it did in the past 20 yrs?
Alexander E.
2 years ago
The government knows they won’t be here in next 20 years – so why bother about long terms solution? Their longest goal is next elections only.
They just threw the bone to the angry dogs to keep them “happy” and “busy”.
Bromley86
2 years ago
@Boggi. That’s the “rude arsehole” I was referring to. Alda makes a statement, which may or may not be correct. As it happens, and as I said in that thread, the overriding reason why TI get it wrong is because of their methodology, but that’s not incompatible with what Alda says. For example, in close knit societies, you might expect everyone to close ranks and present a happy face to outsiders, which they might not do if the interviewer/questioner spoke fluent Icelandic.
Melvin steps in with a rude reply. I am a native British English speaker and I’m telling you that I find it to be rude. No question. Very. Likewise, taking one of your other examples at random, the “Are the UK and Holland . . .”, the OP by Alexandra was effectively a troll post (even if it was genuine). Again, very fucking rude and, to boot, a very touchy subject. It set the tone of the debate, although I must admit I was suprised at how upset Alda & family reacted.
All I can do is repeat that you shouldn’t read it if it upsets you. Or, at least, try to post in the thread that she started on taking critism and see what happens.
And sorry to Dadi for the continuing hijack of this thread.
Dadi
2 years ago
Hey guys, you can voice your concerns but please exclude me from any spats with Alda. She’s doing her own thing on her own terms and I have nothing against her.
Vilhjalm A.
2 years ago
At the end of the news article summarizing the details of the proposed transfer of Arion/Kaupthing, we find the following statement of Steingrimur J. Sigfusson, the Minister of Finance:
“The Government is satisfied that Kaupthing Bank’s creditors have acquired the majority of the share capital in Arion Bank, and it is important for the development of the Icelandic economy as a whole that the Government contributes less than originally estimated. The bank is fully capitalized and has solid financial foundations and is an important part of the new Icelandic economy. Arion Bank should be in a position to achieve the financial restructuring of companies and offer viable solutions to indebted individuals and Icelandic households.”
In other words – thanks for taking this smelly piece of garbage off of our hands, so that the government doesn’t have to pay for all that debt to the creditors – the money that Sigurdur Einarsson and friends stole from various foreigners. The bank is not officially insolvent. But the only way for you to get any money from your new investment is if the country doesn’t go down the toilet. Now it’s your decision whether or not to write off the debt to Icelandic businesses and to write down Icelandic mortgages.”
So here we have proof that the Icelandic government did not want to do anything to help Icelandic mortgage-holders because they are the bait – the insect at the end of the fishing line – used to lure the foreign creditors to take over the remnants of the banks.
The foreign creditors’ main purpose is to maximize revenue. So does anyone think they will willingly write-off any more than is absolutely necessary? Or course not. They will try to squeeze every last kronur from the struggling Icelandic homeowners, and the Icelandic government will do nothing to stop them.
There is some logic in the actions of the government, after all it is absolutely necessary for the government to avoid having to pay off the Kaupthing debt by giving the bank assets to the foreign creditors. But the whole process is very cynical, and made worse by the secrecy and lack of explanation for the government’s strategy. Why doesn’t the government simply say what is obvious now, “sorry homeowners, we can’t help you, you belong to the foreign creditors now”?
Vilhjalm A.
1 year ago
Joseph Stiglitz has provided more details on a homeowner-relief plan, which sounds remarkably like the Zingales plan.
“I’ve called for a homeowners’ Chapter 11. If you’re underwater you go to a bankruptcy judge. You convert the debt into equity so that the bank now owns a large fraction of your equity, and the value of what you have to pay is markedly reduced. We won’t get out of this until something like that happens.”
From an interview:
“What do you do about the mortgages? The fundamental problem in our mortgage market now is that one out of four homes with mortgages are underwater. That is, they owe more than the value of their house. And we know, when homes are underwater, the probability of default goes way up. What we should have done — and there’s a broad consensus on this — what we should have done is found some way of writing down the value of the mortgage — I mean, the value — yeah, of what they owe.
We do this kind of thing all of the time effectively in other areas. We have a very good bankruptcy law, I think, Chapter 11, that says if you owe more money than you can pay, you — the firm goes bankrupt; it continues to operate, because you want to continue jobs. And what you do is, the shareholders lose everything and the bondholders then become the new shareholders, and the enterprise continues.
I’ve argued for a homeowners’ Chapter 11 that would do the same thing that we — keeping people in their home is as important as keeping people’s jobs. It’s important for the communities; it’s important for our society. There are ways of — you sometimes call it equitization; there are ways of doing it that are — that — you know, there are a lot of details that I’ve tried to describe, and I do talk about this particular idea in the book.
So the point is, what we did is, effectively, we did nothing about writing down the value of the mortgage. What we did is allow the banks to do what they know how — best, which is stretch out the payments a little longer, charge them another fee for restructuring it; the government gives a little subsidy to the bank and a little subsidy to the homeowner; and so they can make their payments for a little bit longer, but they’re still underwater. The bank can record a profit, because it’s charged another fee, and the problems are pushed down the road by another year or two years, and we’re going to get — you know, a few million more foreclosures.”
He gives a longer explanation in his new book Freefall, around p.100, which you can find on Google books (pdf file).